<p>The United Congregational Church , built in 1857, is a historic church at 73 Pelham Street in Newport, Rhode Island. As of 2009 the congregation is affiliated with the United Church of Christ . The church was designated a National Historic Landmark in 2012, in recognition for the unique interior decorations executed in 1880-81 by John La Farge.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The congregation was gathered as Newports First Congregational Church in 1695 by Rev. Nathaniel Clap, a Harvard College graduate who ministered to the Newport congregation until his death in 1745. The Second Congregational Church of Newport started another congregation in 1735, but the two later reunited. The congregation was active during the American Revolution and both churches meeting houses were used as barracks and hospitals by the British and French troops in Newport. Dr. Samuel Hopkins was the minister of the church in the late eighteenth century.</p><br>
<p>As of 2009, the church is pastored by the Reverends Mary Beth Hayes and Nan L. Baker.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The current building is a Romanesque Revival structure, designed by Joseph C. Wells of New York City and completed in 1857. It is a basically rectangular building, built out of Connecticut brownstone, with two ornately decorated towers. In the 1880s the congregation retained the artist John LaFarge to redecorate its interior. LaFarge had recently completed work on Trinity Church, Boston, and sought to provide a more elaborate interior than he was able to in Boston. He produced twenty stained glass windows and a series of murals, which represent the only fully integrated ecclesiastical interior he produced. The church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971, and designated a National Historic Landmark in 2012.</p><br>
<p>The Bird&#39;s Nest is a historic house at 526 Broadway at the One Mile Corner junction in Newport, Rhode Island, not far from the city line with Middletown. It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, three bays wide and two deep, with a gable roof and a large central chimney. A two story ell extends from the rear of the house, and there are smaller additions which further enlarge the house by small amounts. An early 20th-century garage stands behind the house. The oldest portion of the house is estimated to have been built between 1725 and 1750, with most of the alterations coming in the 19th century, giving the house a vernacular mix of Federal, Greek Revival, and Gothic Revival elements. It was given its name by Dr. Rowland Hazard, who bought the property in the 1840s and used it as a summer retreat.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>Bourne Mill is an historic textile mill on the border between Tiverton, Rhode Island and Fall River, Massachusetts.</p><br>
<p>The various buildings in the cotton mill complex were completed from 1881 to 1951 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2006. The Bourne corporation had a unique profit sharing arrangement based upon Jonathan Bourne&#39;s experience in the whaling industry. The company treasurer, George A. Chace, designed the original mill building.</p><br>
<p>Although only a very small part of the property is located in Fall River, Massachusetts the complex is generally grouped and referenced with the mills of that city.</p><br>
<p>After lying dormant for decades, the Bourne Mill was converted into 166 apartments, which were completed in early 2009. In September 2009, an arsonist set fire to the former detached picker house near the main mill, which had also been scheduled to be redeveloped.</p><br>
<p>The Conanicut Battery is a colonial and 20th century military battery in Jamestown, Rhode Island, west of Beaver Tail Road. The site offers a commanding view of the West Passage of Narragansett Bay.</p><br>
<p>During the American Revolutionary War, local militia constructed an earthen battery on the site. The British occupied Jamestown later that year and took over the site, occupying the space until August 1778 when the French fleet arrived. Its principal surviving feature is an earthworks measuring about 150 ft long and 75 ft wide. The site is marked by a plaque placed by the Daughters of the American Revolution in 1931. During the early 20th century, the USA military built large partially underground defensive batteries in the area, notably Fort Getty and Fort Burnside.</p><br>
<p>The 22-acre site was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. It is now owned by the town and operated as Conanicut Battery National Historic Park. The Friends of Conanicut Battery and the Jamestown Historical Society are active in preserving the fort.</p><br>
<p>The Wreck Sites of HMS Cerberus and HMS Lark are located in the waters of Narragansett Bay on the west side of Aquidneck Island near South Portsmouth, Rhode Island.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>HMS Cerberus was a frigate of the Royal Navy built in 1758 and carrying 28 guns. HMS Lark, also a frigate, was built in 1762 and carried 32 guns. Cerberus had been stationed off Rhode Island as part of a blockade of its ports since April 1776, and was joined by Lark in February 1777. Upon the arrival of a large French fleet off Narragansett Bay in late July 1778, the two ships were among the twenty British vessels in the bay which were then tasked to defend British-occupied Newport. Stationed in the northern stretch of the East Passage (separating Aquidneck and Conanicut Islands), the two ships were ordered to Newport, with instructions to not surrender to the enemy. While en route to Newport on August 5, the two ships were sighted by French ships of the line. Rather than engage on a lopsided battle that would have ended in their surrender, the two captains decided to scuttle their ships. Captain Symonds ran Cerberus aground, put the crew ashore, and set fire to the ship, while Captain White did the same with Lark. Two other British frigates, Orpheus and Juno, suffered the same fate. When Larks gunpowder magazine was reached by the flames, it exploded, sending debris flying for miles around.</p><br>
<p>The wrecks of all four ships lay essentially undisturbed until the 1970s, when an archaeological team located portions of Lark, Cerberus, and Orpheus. As of 2008, the full extent of the wreck sites has not been established, and only fragmentary evidence of the ships has been recovered.</p><br>
<p>The site of the wrecks of Cerberus and Lark was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<p>The Dr. Charles Cotton House is an historic house at 5 Cotton Court in Newport, Rhode Island. It is one of the city&#39;s oldest houses.</p><br>
<p>It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, five bays wide, with a large central chimney and a hipped roof. The original portion of the house was built around 1720 with large Georgian style additions in the 18th century and modifications in the nineteenth century.</p><br>
<p>Dr. Charles Cotton, a great-grandson of Josiah Cotton and surgeon aboard the USS Constitution, owned the house in the early 19th century and gave the house its current name. The Cotton House was taken by eminent domain by the Newport Restoration Foundation in 1974 from the Cotton family who owned the house for 157 years. The Foundation moved the house in 1977 from its original location across the adjoining parking lot. The house was restored from 1979 to 1980. The site added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<p>The William King Covell III House, originally Villa Edna but now known as the Sanford-Covell Villa Marina, is historic house at 72 Washington Street in Newport, Rhode Island.</p><br>
<p>The house is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a mansard roof and restrained Second Empire styling. It was designed by Emerson & Fehmer of Boston, and built in 1870 for M. H. Sanford as a summer residence. Its interior, in marked contrast to its exterior, is lavishly decorated with woodwork and stencilwork.</p><br>
<p>William King Covell II bought the house in 1896 and it has remained in his family until this day. It is currently owned by Anne Ramsey Cuvelier, the great granddaughter of William King Covell II, who uses it for a bed and breakfast business.</p><br>
<p>Lizzie Borden, a family friend who stood trial for murder, stayed with the Covell family after her acquittal in the summer of 1893. She stayed at the winter home of the Covell family on Farewell Street where the famous photo of her on the porch was taken. It is assumed that she also spent some time at 72 Washington Street.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<p>The General Federation of Womens Clubs Headquarters, also known as the Miles Mansion, is a social clubhouse headquarters in Washington, D.C. Built as a private residence in 1875, it has served as the headquarters of the General Federation of Womens Clubs  since 1922. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1991 for its association with the federation, which serves as an umbrella organization for women&#39;s clubs, a social movement dating to the mid-19th century. Tours of the headquarters, available by appointment, provide information about the activities of the GFWC and several historic rooms, including the 1734 entryway, the Julia Ward Howe Drawing Room, the dining room, music room and the GFWC International President’s office. The headquarters also features changing exhibits of art, photographs and artifacts from its collections.</p><br>
<h2>Description and building history</h2><br>
<p>The GFWC headquarters is located southeast of Dupont Circle, on the south side of N Street between St. Matthews Court and 17th Street. It is a four story masonry structure, built out of ashlar stone in a Renaissance Revival style. The entrance is in a slightly raised basement level, sheltered by a splayed glass and iron marquee with supporting ironwork brackets. The main floor windows are elongated, with paired casement windows topped by transoms, and keystoned lintels. A polygonal bay projects from the first two floors on the left, and a shallower rectangular one projects to the right of the entrance; both are topped by lower balustrades. The interior has been adapted for the GFWCs use, but retains some original finishes.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1875 by Rear Admiral William Radford, at a time when the Dupont Circle area was being developed as a fashionable residential neighborhood. In 1895 he sold the house to the state of Massachusetts, which gave it to General Nelson A. Miles in recognition for his military service. It was next owned by John Jay White, a big-game hunter who traveled with Theodore Roosevelt, and who commissioned the murals by Albert Herter that adorn some of its walls. In 1922 the house was purchased by the GFWC for use as its headquarters, a role it continues to play today.</p><br>
<p>The GFWC represents the culmination of smaller-scale women&#39;s organizations that sprang up in the 19th century, generally to improve the conditions for working and single women. It was the first nationwide organization of this type, enabling a broader scope of influence by these local and regional organizations.</p><br>
<p>The Fort Barton Site is the site of an historic American Revolutionary War fort, now located in a public park at Lawton and Highland Avenues in Tiverton, Rhode Island. All that remains of the fort are its earthworks, a roughly oblong structure about 150 ft long and 100 ft deep. The site was a defensive post overlooking the main ferry crossing between Tiverton and Aquidneck Island, which was under British control at the time of its construction in 1777. The ferry was used as a launching position for American forces during the Battle of Rhode Island in August 1778. The site was named after Lt. Col. William Barton who successfully captured the British General Prescott during a midnight raid on the British headquarters at Prescott Farm in what is now Portsmouth.</p><br>
<p>Fort Barton was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<p>Beaubears Island is an island at the confluence of the Northwest Miramichi and Southwest Miramichi Rivers near Miramichi, New Brunswick. The island is most famous for being the site of an Acadian refugee camp during the French and Indian War. The camp was under the command of leader of the Acadian resistance to the expulsion, Charles Deschamps de Boishébert et de Raffetot.</p><br>
<p>The island is home to two National Historic Sites of Canada:</p><br>
<p>Beaubears Island Shipbuilding National Historic Site of Canada, and</p><br>
<p>Boishébert National Historic Site of Canada.</p><br>
<p>The shipbuilding site occupies the eastern end of the island; the Boishébert site comprises the rest of the island, and adjacent Wilson&#39;s Point. Both sites are administered by Parks Canada in collaboration with the Friends of Beaubears Island. The sites retain 200-year-old Eastern White Pines; thus the parks are significant from the perspectives of both human and natural history.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Prior to Acadian settlement in the region, the Mi&#39;kmaq people camped on the island.</p><br>
<h3>Boishébert and the Acadians</h3><br>
<p>During the French and Indian War, Charles Deschamps de Boishébert et de Raffetot led the Acadian and Mi`kmaq resistance to the Expulsion of the Acadians. Toward this end, to help Acadians evade capture, Boishébert set up an Acadian refugee camp on the Island. The Camp was named Camp de l&#39; Esperance. The camp lasted between 1756 - 1759.</p><br>
<p>After Louisbourg fell on 26 July 1758, French officer Boishébert withdrew, with the British in pursuit. Boishebert brought back a large number of Acadians from the region around Port-Toulouse (St. Peter&#39;s, Nova Scotia) to the security of his post at Beaubears Island on the Miramichi River.</p><br>
<p>During the Ile Saint-Jean Campaign and the St. John River Campaign the number of Acadian refugees increased dramatically. The camp had eventually 900 French refugees. Over 200 of the refugees died at the camp. During the war, the camp was protected by a battery of 16 French cannons at French Fort Cove.</p><br>
<p>During the Gulf of St. Lawrence Campaign, on September 15, 1758, Brigadier James Murray was at Miramichi and discovered that there were many Acadian refugees at a settlement about ten leagues up the Miramichi River which had fled during the Ile Saint-Jean Campaign. According to Murray, all of the Acadians were starving. They had sent most of their effects on to Canada and expected so to go there themselves.</p><br>
<p>Beaubears (Boishébert) Island and nearby Wilson&#39;s Point (a.k.a. Beaubears Point or the Enclosure) together form Boishébert National Historic Site of Canada.</p><br>
<h3>J. Leonard O'Brien and Shipbuilding</h3><br>
<p>The first shipyard was established by James Fraser and James Thom (1790). For the first half of the eighteenth century, the Fraser shipyard was considered the most important commercial establishment in New Brunswick. The 1850s were regarded as the golden age of Miramichi shipbuilding with yards in operation from Beaubears Island. Harley continued to build ships and in 1866 launched what is believed to be the last vessel constructed at Beaubears, the barque La Plata.</p><br>
<p>By the end of the 19th century, the island appears to have been deserted. It was acquired by the OBrien family in 1920 and willed to the government of Canada in 1973 following the death of Joseph Leonard OBrien, a former lieutenant governor of New Brunswick.</p><br>
<p>Beaubears Island Shipbuilding National Historic Site of Canada, also known as J. Leonard OBrien Memorial, is the only known, undisturbed archaeological site associated with the national significance of the 19th century wooden shipbuilding industry in New Brunswick. In accordance with OBrien&#39;s wishes, the island was willed to Parks Canada and remains an integral part of Canadian history as a whole.</p><br>
<h2>Affiliations</h2><br>
<p>The Museum is affiliated with: CMA, CHIN, and Virtual Museum of Canada.</p><br>
<p>Mosynopolis , of which only ruins now remain in Greek Thrace, was a city in the Roman province of Rhodope, which was known until the 9th century as Maximianopolis  or, to distinguish it from other cities of the same name, as Maximianopolis in Rhodope.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The city of Maximianopolis appears in written sources from the 4th century on. Its fortifications were renewed by Byzantine emperor Justinian I, and it was later a base for operations by Emperor Basil II in his wars against the Bulgarians.</p><br>
<p>In the 11th century, the city was the center of a district (bandon) in the theme of Boleron, and Anna Komnene reports in her Alexiad that there were many Manichaeans living in Mosynopolis in the late 11th/early 12th centuries. The town was captured in 1185 by the Normans, while the monk Ephrem says that the city was captured in 1190 by Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor. The Battle of Messinopolis, in which the Bulgarians defeated Boniface I, Marquess of Montferrat, took place nearby in 1207, and was speedily followed by the destruction of Mosynopolis by Tsar Kaloyan of Bulgaria.</p><br>
<p>The fate of the town thereafter is somewhat obscure: it re-appears in 1317 as part of the theme of "Boleron and Mosynopolis", and its bishopric was still active, but the historian Catherine Asdracha, in her 1972 survey of the Rhodope area in the late Middle Ages, suggests that it never recovered from Kaloyan&#39;s sack and remained in ruins, proposing that it is to be identified with the town of Mesene, which the emperor and historian John VI Kantakouzenos reported as "destroyed many years ago".</p><br>
<h2>Ecclesiastical history</h2><br>
<p>Bishops of Maximianopolis in Rhodope were present at the 5th and 6th-century ecumenical councils of Ephesus (431), Chalcedon (451), and Constantinople II (553) and in another council of 459.</p><br>
<p>From the 7th to the 9th centuries, the see is referred to as archiepiscopal, giving it autocephalous status.</p><br>
<p>In all these instances, the see appears under the name Maximianopolis, but in 879 it is under the name Mosynopolis that it is represented by a bishop called Paul at the Fourth Council of Constantinople. From the following century to the 12th, it appears with reduced status as a suffragan of Trajanopolis in Rhodope.</p><br>
<p>In the 13th century it became a Latin bishopric.</p><br>
<p>The see is mentioned under the name Mosynopolis also in the Notitiae Episcopatuum of Leo the Wise, about 900; in that for 940; in that for 1170 under the name of Misinoupolis.</p><br>
<p>After the destruction of the city, the Patriarchate of Constantinople in August 1347 authorized the Metropolitan of Trajanopolis to exercise jurisdiction in what had been the see of Maximianopolis or Mosynopolis.</p><br>
<h3>Titular see</h3><br>
<p>The bishopric is included in the Catholic Church&#39;s list of titular sees both as an archiepiscopal see under the name Maximianopolis in Rhodope and as a suffragan diocese of Mosynopolis subject to Trajanopolis in Rhodope.</p><br>
<p>The diocese was nominally restored in 1933 as the Latin Catholic titular archbishopric Massimianopolis in Rhodope.</p><br>
<p>It is vacant, having had a single incumbent of the intermediary (archiepiscopal) rank :</p><br>
<p>Adam Hefter (5 December 1939 – 9 January 1970), previously Bishop of Gurk (Austria) (26 December 1914 – 4 May 1939) and Titular Bishop of Marciana (4 May 1939 – 5 December 1939)</p><br>
<h2>Photographs</h2><br>
<p>Golden Gate Theater is a Spanish Baroque Revival Churrigueresque-style movie palace built in 1927 on Whittier Boulevard in East Los Angeles, California. In 1982, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The theater closed in 1986; the retail building built around it was damaged in the 1987 Whittier Narrows earthquake and demolished in 1992. The remaining theater building was left vacant for more than 20 years as preservationists fought with owners and developers over the future of the building. It was finally converted into a drugstore and reopened in 2012.</p><br>
<h2>Theater building</h2><br>
<p>The theater seated nearly 1,500 people and was located at one of the major intersections on the east side of Los Angeles, at the corner of Whittier and Atlantic Boulevards. The theater was built by Peter Snyder, known as the "Father of the East Side," and designed by architects William and Clifford A. Balch, creators of the El Rey Theater on Wilshire Boulevard and the Pomona Fox Theater in Pomona, California. It was designed in the ornate Churrigueresque style, and the entrance replicated the portal of Spain&#39;s University of Salamanca. When plans for the theater were announced in 1927, the Los Angeles Times reported:"This week will mark the beginning of building operations on the theater project on Whittier Boulevard in Golden Gate Square. The theater proper will seat about 1500 persons, it is declared and will contain thirteen stores. There will also be several apartment units. It is planned as a legitimate playhouse, but will be equipped for motion pictures as well."</p><br>
<p>The theater was originally located in the courtyard of the L-shaped Vega Building, a retail structure that wrapped around the theater. The Vega Building was known for its four-story octagon tower.</p><br>
<p>Los Angeles County records describing the basis for the landmark designation describe the complex as one with "a sense of time and place. The majority of its structural features, including its conformation, detailing and decorative elements, have been unaltered. As a result, the building has clearly retained a sense of architectural integrity and original design."</p><br>
<h2>Closure and earthquake damage</h2><br>
<p>The theater stopped showing movies in 1986, and in 1987 the Vega Building was damaged in the Whittier Narrows earthquake. From 1986-1988, a non-denominational Christian church named Praise Chapel Christian Fellowship occupied the building and held regular services with over 1,000 people. In 1987 the pastors, Mike and Donna Neville were forced to move their church because, according to the owner, the building was condemned following the Whittier earthquake. The Vega Building was demolished in 1992 after officials determined it to be a hazard. The remaining theater building was left sitting vacant in the middle of an otherwise empty lot. One writer notes that the remaining shell "only hints at what this theater was like in its heyday."</p><br>
<h2>Preservation battles</h2><br>
<p>The property has been vacant and the subject of attempted demolitions for many years. When the Whittier earthquake damaged the Vega Building, demolition efforts accelerated. County inspectors declared the building unsafe for occupancy, and businesses operating in the building, including a jewelry store, a shoe repair shop, and a bowling alley, were evicted.</p><br>
<p>In 1988, demolition commenced before officials led by then County Supervisor Ed Edelman halted the work with a stop-work order. Demolition crews had already begun to dismantle the walls when Edelman, then Los Angeles City Councilwoman Gloria Molina, sheriff&#39;s deputies and more than 50 concerned community members showed up at the site to ensure the demolition work was halted. Edelman blamed a "foul-up" in the Public Works Department for issuing the demolition permit and assured the gathered crowd that heads were going to roll and that he would "try and stop this damn demolition before it happens." "Demolition crews had swept onto the site at the corner of Whittier and Atlantic boulevards Tuesday and Wednesday, and began to dismantle some walls. But they were halted by a stop-work order obtained from the county Public Works Department through the efforts of Supervisor Ed Edelman."</p><br>
<p>In 1992, the Vega Building was razed, and in 1994, the family that had owned the property for 20 years sought to have the building removed from the National Register of Historic Places to clear the way for potential demolition of the theater. The Mothers of East Los Angeles and the Los Angeles Conservancy fought the demolition plans. The Conservancy noted that the theatre was one of fewer than two dozen buildings in Los Angeles in the Spanish Churrigueresque style. In August 1994, the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors, on a motion by Supervisor Gloria Molina, designated the theatre as a "historical resource." The State Historical Resources Commission also rejected the owner&#39;s request to remove the theatre from the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>In 2003, the property was acquired by M&A Gabaee, an affiliate of the Charles Co. Rumors spread that the new owner planned to convert the property into a Walgreens Drug Store. A representative of the owner told the Los Angeles Times: "Were in negotiations so everything is preliminary. We plan to keep the structure. The building is absolutely gorgeous. We want to maintain that but we also want to find whats going to work. Were looking forward to rejuvenating it." Preservationists expressed concerns that the new plans would preserve the outer shell of the building but gut or significantly alter the buildings interior. In particular, concerns were raised that the theatres soaring interior and proscenium arch would be replaced with a dropped ceiling. The founder of the East Los Angeles Center for the Performing Arts proposed converting the theatre into a performing arts venue: "Its an amazing theater. We were trying to get support to renovate and turn it into a performing arts venue. Theres a drugstore on every corner here. Id love to see the developer team up with us to preserve it."</p><br>
<p>As of 2008, the proposed conversion of the theatre was still the subject of ongoing preservation efforts by the Los Angeles Conservancy. The Conservancy stated that it sought to preserve historic interior features, including the proscenium, lobby, clamshell-shaped concession stand, and mezzanine level, while "encouraging the adaptive reuse of this long-vacant historic property."</p><br>
<p>On May 25, 2010, the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors approved the conversion of the theater into a 24-hour drug store. It opened as a CVS on August 19, 2012.</p><br>
<p>Greenvale Farm is an historic farm and 19th-century summer estate at 582 Wapping Road in Portsmouth, Rhode Island. Historically used for farmland, a portion of this 53 acre was transformed into an expansive country estate in the 1860s by John Barstow, a Boston merchant. It is located at the end of a narrow dirt lane, and is set overlooking the Sakonnet River. The main house, designed by John Hubbard Sturgis and built in 1864-65, is an exuberant implementation of the Stick style with Gothic features. It has asymmetric form, with a variety of projections, dormers, gables, and cross-gables, with a variety of exterior finishes. The estate continues to be owned by Barstow descendants.</p><br>
<p>The estate was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>The John R. Cummins House is a historic house in Eden Prairie, Minnesota, United States, a suburb southwest of Minneapolis. The house is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Cummins and his wife, Martha "Mattie" Cummins, established a farmstead on the property in 1856. They built the house in 1879-1880 and lived there until 1908. Cummins was a horticulturist who helped to establish the Minnesota Horticultural Society. During his horticultural experiments, Cummins corresponded with other horticulturalists in the area, including Peter Gideon, Jonathan Taylor Grimes, Henry Lyman, William Macintosh, E.R. Pond, and others. Cummins primarily grew wheat as a farm crop.</p><br>
<p>In 1908, Edwin and Harriet Sprague Phipps bought the farm and lived there until 1934. The Phipps family raised grain, vegetables, and flowers, and Edwin earned the title "Asparagus King of Hennepin County" for the vegetables he sold at a stand on nearby USA Route 212 (Flying Cloud Drive). Harriet Phipps planted a large bed of peonies in about 1920. The peony bed exists to this day. Her daughter, Mildred Grill, remarked, "The peony bed has been there for over 60 years. Mother put in 500 plants. There wasn&#39;t another bed like it in the county. She sold flowers in season." Their son-in-law and daughter, Martin and Mildred Grill, owned the house from 1934 through 1976. Martin, nicknamed "Pappy", built an airplane landing strip on the property in 1937. In 1941, the United States Navy arranged to use the landing strip for student pilots from Wold-Chamberlain Airport (now Minneapolis-St. Paul International Airport) to make practice approaches. After World War II was over, Grill sold the landing strip and some additional land to American Aviation, Inc. The field is now known as Flying Cloud Airport.</p><br>
<p>The Grill family sold the house and surrounding farmland to the city of Eden Prairie in 1976 for parkland. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. The house itself has elements of the Greek Revival style, in the wide trim on the gable end, and elements of the Italianate style with the use of brick and the segmental arches over the windows. It has a gable front with a wing on the west side, along with an L-shaped front porch. The main floor contains a parlor, a bedroom, a bathroom, the living room, and the kitchen. The second floor contains four bedrooms. In addition to the main house, there are four wooden outbuildings and a milk house on the property.</p><br>
<p>In 2010 the farmstead was transferred to the Eden Prairie Historical Society and is available as a rental event facility.</p><br>
<p>Luce Hall was the first purpose-built building for the USA Naval War College, founded at Newport, Rhode Island, in 1884. It is located at Building 1, Luce Avenue, Naval Station Newport. The building is named after Rear Admiral Stephen Luce.</p><br>
<p>In a Flemish style inspired by the town hall and guild halls on the Grote Markt in Antwerp, Belgium, local Newport architects George C. Mason & Son designed the building for the Navy with gables facing Narragansett Bay. It was completed on 22 May 1892 at the cost of $82,875, with the remainder of the $100,000 Congressional appropriation being spent on heating and equipment. The building was originally designed to have four sets of officers&#39; quarters, one in each corner of the building, with the College classrooms, library, and administration located in the center section. This usage remained until 1914, when the entire building was opened for official uses.</p><br>
<p>The building was the main administrative building for the Naval War College from 1892, when Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan was President of the Naval War College for his second time, until 1974 during the presidency of Vice Admiral Stansfield Turner, when the president&#39;s office was moved to newly constructed Conolly Hall.</p><br>
<p>The building was designated part of a National Historic Landmark District, along with the building that is now the Naval War College Museum (which housed the colleges first facilities but was built in 1819 to house Newports poor), in 1964. It was separately listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.</p><br>
<p>The Kay Street–Catherine Street–Old Beach Road Historic District is a historic district in Newport, Rhode Island. The area is located north of Newports well-known Bellevue Avenue, and encompasses an area that was developed residentially between about 1830 and 1890, for the most part before the Gilded Age mansions were built further south. The district is bounded on the south by Memorial Boulevard, on the east by Eastons Pond, on the west by Bellevue Avenue and Kay and Bull Streets, and on the north by Broadway, Rhode Island Avenue, Prairie Avenue, and Champlin Street. The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 22, 1973.</p><br>
<p>Notable properties that are included in this district are the Touro Synagogue, a National Historic Site, the Redwood Library and Athenaeum and the John Griswold House, both National Historic Landmarks, and the Newport Tower. The district also overlaps a portion of the Newport Historic District, a National Historic Landmark District.</p><br>
<p>The Lucas–Johnston House  is an historic colonial house at 40 Division Street in downtown Newport, Rhode Island.</p><br>
<h2>History of building</h2><br>
<p>Dendrochronology surveys were conducted on the house showing that the trees felled in its constructed were from Circa 1650, Summer 1714, and Winter 1759/60. A architectural and dendrochronology study concluded that "the house has two interior chimneys, but they are placed front to back rather than side to side... the rear chimney, with its kitchen fireplace, is the one with more age. The foundation walls appear to be of one unified build rather that parts of an earlier building combined with a later construction. Exterior walls, particularly on the north and west walls are studded construction and also have brick nogging. Both of these techniques are quite uncommon for Newport...There are a couple of strange datings ranging from 1618 to 1634...while nothing dating from the first quarter of the 18th century shows in the results, with the exception of a single felling of 1714."</p><br>
<h2>History of occupants</h2><br>
<p>It was the home to French Huguenot settler, Augustus Lucas, a slave trader and attorney, and later his grandson, Augustus Johnston, who was a Tory who served as Rhode Island Attorney General and is the namesake of Johnston, Rhode Island. The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1971.</p><br>
<p>The Francis Malbone House is a historic house at 392 Thames Street in Newport, Rhode Island.</p><br>
<p>It was designed in 1758 by Peter Harrison, a prominent architect of the period, responsible also for the Touro Synagogue and the Redwood Library, both important early Newport buildings.</p><br>
<p>In 1975 the house was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The building was constructed "in 1760 as a private residence for Colonel Francis Malbone (1728 - 1785), who made his fortune as a shipping merchant at a time when Newport Harbor was one of the busiest Harbors in the New World. He is believed to have smuggled merchandise into the house to avoid taxes. Subterranean passages found in the cellar have been traced to a subway leading to the pier where Colonel Malbone moored his fleet. This was a practice common in the Free Port of Newport, and one upon which many Newport fortunes were founded."</p><br>
<p>The British occupied Newport during the American Revolution "and seized the Malbone Estate. The mansion was used to store looted gold and treasures, leading to its nickname, "the treasure house.""</p><br>
<p>After the American Revolution, "the mansion was returned to the Malbone family who retained ownership until the early 1830s. After the death of Colonel Malbone in 1785, his son, also named Francis Malbone, who later became United States Senator, owned the estate until his death in 1809. In 1770, famed painter, Gilbert Stuart painted the portrait of the younger Francis Malbone and his brother Saunders, which now hangs in the Boston Museum of Fine Arts."</p><br>
<p>In the early 1800s, prior to the building of the famous mansions on Bellevue Avenue, the Malbone House was one of the most opulent houses in Newport. It was owned from 1833 to 1838 by Colonel Joseph G. Totten of the United States Army Corps of Engineers. At that time, Colonel Totten was in charge of construction of Fort Adams and was also the senior Army engineer in the northeast. He sold the house in 1838 when he was appointed Chief Engineer of the Army.</p><br>
<p>Dr. James R. Newton owned the house in 1850 and built a brick office on the estate for his doctor&#39;s office, now known as "The Counting House".</p><br>
<p>The Francis Malbone house was restored in the early 1970s. The front door of the mansion features an Ionic doorway very similar to the Ionic portico of the Touro Synagogue. The floor plan features a broad central hall with flanking rooms on either side. The hall has a high divided arch, the stairs are fitted with ramped rail and twisted balusters. The stair landing is lit by a Palladian window. The front parlors feature plush paneling, a sign of wealth in colonial times. Two-story pediment mantels adorn the fireplace walls and a broken scroll tops the one in the northwest parlor.</p><br>
<p>In 1989, the house reopened the estate "as an Historic Inn, offering nine guest rooms. In 1996, they embarked on building a sensitively designed addition, which has allowed the inn to expand to eighteen luxurious guestrooms."</p><br>
<p>The Portsmouth Friends Meetinghouse, Parsonage, and Cemetery  is a historic Friends Meeting House and cemetery of the Religious Society of Friends , at 11 Middle Road and 2232 E. Main Road in Portsmouth, Rhode Island.</p><br>
<p>In 1638, exiled religious dissidents from the Massachusetts Bay Colony founded Portsmouth, the second oldest colonial community in Rhode Island. The Quaker community developed shortly after the community was founded.</p><br>
<p>The current meetinghouse was built around 1699-1700. The building was used as a Quaker house of worship and school. During the American Revolutionary War, British troops occupied the building. In 1784 the Moses Brown School was founded at the church. The meeting house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. Currently, services are held weekly on Sundays at 10:30 am. and 7:00 p.m.</p><br>
<p>The Administration Building, Carnegie Institute of Washington is a Beaux-Arts style building designed by architects Carrere and Hastings, and located at 1530 P Street NW in Washington, D.C. It houses the Carnegie Institution for Science, a philanthropic scientific research organization founded in 1902 by Andrew Carnegie. In recognition of the building&#39;s architecture and its unique tenant, the building was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1965.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Carnegie Institution for Science, formerly known as the Carnegie Institute of Washington, is located in Washington&#39;s Dupont Circle neighborhood, north of Scott Circle at the southeast corner of 16th and P Streets NW. It is a large and roughly rectangular structure, two stories in height, its exterior finished in Indiana limestone. Facing west toward 16th Street is its monumental front facade, with ten full-height Ionic columns (six in front and four in the center) supporting an entablature and flat balustraded roof. The original main building was basically square, with small flanking wings. To this a rear addition was made in 1937, using similar materials and design. The interior houses offices and meeting spaces, as well as a 450-seat auditorium.</p><br>
<p>Andrew Carnegie established the Carnegie Institute of Washington in 1902 with an endowment of $10 million. The front portion of the building, designed by Carrere and Hastings, was built in 1910, and the rear addition, built in 1937, was designed by William Adams Delano. The building presently houses administrative functions of the Institute, which has its primary research functions elsewhere. The organization&#39;s mission is to fund talented individuals so that they can perform basic research for the betterment of mankind without significant constraints.</p><br>
<p>The John Tillinghast House is an historic colonial house at 142 Mill Street  in Newport, Rhode Island. It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, built in 1760 for John Tillinghast, a wealthy merchant. A high-quality example of academic Georgian architecture, the house was a  home for a number of notable people during and after the American Revolutionary War. It was probably occupied by the Marquis de Chastellux, an engineer in the French Army while it was stationed in Newport, and by General Nathanael Greene, who hosted George Washington and the Marquis de Lafayette on a visit to Newport. From 1821 to 1824 it was home to William C. Gibbs while he was Governor of Rhode Island.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on April 11, 1973.</p><br>
<p>The Taylor–Chase–Smythe House  is an historic house on the Middletown portion of Naval Station Newport  It is a two story wood frame structure, five bays wide, with a gable roof. A kitchen ell extends to the rear  of the house, and a glassed-in porch wraps around two sides of the house, ending in a porte-cochere. The house originally had a large central, chimney, but this was removed during alterations c. 1850. The house was built sometime in the second half of the 18th century by a member of the Chase family. The Chase property was acquired by the United States Navy in 1941, as part of an expansion of its facilities in Newport, and has been used since as military housing.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<p>The Stone House Inn is an historic property located at 122 Sakonnet Point Road in Little Compton, Rhode Island.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The four-story stone home was constructed in 1854 by David Sisson, an iron and textile manufacturer, and was home also to his son Henry Tillinghast Sisson, a Civil War hero and Lt. Governor of Rhode Island (1875–77). The house became an inn in the early 20th century; in its basement is an old tap room rumored to have been a speakeasy during Prohibition. The inn gradually decayed but it was revived starting in 1959, first by the Rawson family and then by the Moores, who remodeled it along with its massive 1880 barn to serve for social functions.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>Now, The Stone House is a luxury resort. It has been registered in the National Register of Historic Places. Many green technologies have been incorporated—the heating and cooling systems rely on geothermal technology.</p><br>
<p>The Joseph Rogers House  is an historic house at 37 Touro Street, facing Washington Square in Newport, Rhode Island. It is a three-story wood frame structure with a hip roof. Its main facade is five bays wide, with a center entry framed by pilasters and topped by a fanlight. The house was built c. 1790 by Joseph Rogers, a merchant. It remained in private hands until the 1890s, when it was adapted for use first as a convent, and then as a parochial school, by the Roman Catholic Diocese of Providence. It was given to the Preservation Society of Newport County in 1961, and Dr. and Mrs. David Van Pelt restored the building for the Society, which used it as its headquarters. The Society moved its headquarters to 424 Bellevue Avenue in 1992.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.</p><br>
<p>The Osborn–Bennett Historic District is a residential historic district in Tiverton, Rhode Island.</p><br>
<p>The district was formed around Main Road which was laid out in 1683 by the first English settlers in the area. The Osborn family settled there in the 18th century and distinguished themselves as businessmen and attorneys. The Osborn family cemetery is within the district as well as several Italianate houses. The district extends along Main Road north of its junction with Rhode Island Route 24, and includes three houses on the west side of the road (1188, 1168, and 1148) and one on the east side (1137). The oldest house is the Thomas Osborn House (1168), built c. 1790.</p><br>
<p>The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2006.</p><br>
<p>The Paradise School is an historic school building at Paradise Avenue and Prospect in Middletown, Rhode Island. Built in 1875, it is a modest wood-frame structure, housing a single classroom, with separate entrances and vestibules for boys and girls. The roof line has decorative sawn brackets, and there is a small oculus window in the front-facing gable. The two doorways, like the windows on the sides, are sheltered by small shed roofs clad in wooden shingles.</p><br>
<p>Classes were held in the building until 1955 when it became an administration office. The Middletown Historical Society acquired the building in 1976 and was later restored and holds a small museum.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<p>Slieve Gallion is a mountain in County Londonderry, Northern Ireland. By road, it is 4 mi from Moneymore, 8 mi from Cookstown, and 8 mi from Magherafelt. It is the eastern limit of the Sperrin Mountains range. The southwestern peak is in Cookstown District, and the northeastern peak is in Magherafelt District. The mountain is part of the parishes of Desertmartin, Lissan and Ballinascreen.</p><br>
<h2>Nature</h2><br>
<p>Slieve Gallion is a volcanic plug. The mountain is formed from volcanic-derived igneous rock, and also granite on the southern slopes. It is steep, and has a flat top. There is a telecommunications mast on the northeastern summit. To the west, the landscape consists of blanket bog and coniferous forest; There are also lodgepole pine trees, as well as oak towards the south of the area. Animal species living in the area include the Irish hare (a sub-species of the mountain hare), the curlew, and the red grouse. The otter can also be found around nearby rivers. Slieve Gallion is classed by the Northern Ireland Planning Service as an area of "High Scenic Value".</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Peat formed at Slieve Gallion in the early Holocene period, around 10,000 years ago. The radiocarbon dating of pollen has shown that there were plants in the area 10,000 years ago. 7,000 ago, the number of alder trees steeply increased. In recent decades, there has been an increase in the number of sheep grazing in the area, as well as an increase in mountain biking and hill walking, contributing to erosion.</p><br>
<h2>Sport</h2><br>
<p>A challenge walk/run from the village of Moneymore to the summit of Slieve Gallon took participants through idyllic countryside such as Cairndaisy glen and the Postmans Way. This sadly ended a number of years ago. More recently a mountain race from the foot of Inniscarn Forest to the summit and back has become an annual event which normally takes place on the last Saturday of September or the first Saturday of October. Organised under the Northern Ireland Mountain Running Association, this event attracts some of Northern Ireland&#39;s top athletes and hosted the British & Ireland Junior Mountain Running Championships in October 2006.</p><br>
<p>The sports of Hang Gliding and Paragliding use Slieve Gallion. This site is considered a good starting point to go cross country as there is little in the way of airspace restrictions in a down wind direction from its predominate flyable faces.</p><br>
<p>Allen Street Historic District is a historic district encompassing a collection of smaller textile mills in central Woonsocket, Rhode Island. The district extends on either side of Allen Street, an road isolated between Truman Drive  and the Blackstone River, and includes buildings dating from c. 1860 to c. 1930. Of the five textile mill buildings in the district, four are brick structures built between about 1900 and 1920; the oldest building in the district is the c. 1860 Ponds Warp Mill at 148 Bernon Street. The latter is also adjacent to a rare visible fragment of the once-extensive canal works  that characterized the industrial center of Woonsocket. Many of the districts buildings have been converted to housing.</p><br>
<p>The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<p>Allendale Mill is a historic mill at 494 Woonasquatucket Avenue in North Providence, Rhode Island, on the banks of the Woonasquatucket River.</p><br>
<p>The oldest buildings in the mill complex were built in 1822 by John Holden Greene for Zachariah Allen. The mill had various fire safety devices that were advanced for the time, including "heavy fire doors, sprinkler system, rotary fire pump, and copper-riveted fire hose to be used in American textile mills. In addition, Allen built a heavy fire wall separating the picker room (filled with highly flammable cotton fibers) from the rest of the mill and set the roofshingles in mortar." The second building, also of 1822, was a company store building. It still stands next to the mill, facing Woonasquatucket Avenue.</p><br>
<p>Several additions were built onto the original building during the late 19th and 20th centuries. The first was a plain, white, 5-bay section in 1880. Later, two identical 9-bay red-brick additions were built in 1910 and 1947.</p><br>
<p>The mill&#39;s 6 buildings over 5 acre were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<p>Allenville Mill Storehouse  is a historic mill storehouse at 5 Esmond Street in Esmond, Rhode Island within the town of Smithfield, Rhode Island. The exact date of construction is unknown, but it was built with rubble-construction as was typical of mill construction during and after the War of 1812. In 1813, Phillip Allen purchased 4.5 acres of land and constructed a mill on the site, but the first specific record to refer to the storehouse was an insurance policy from 1836. Allen sold the property in 1857 and it changed ownership several times before it became Esmond Mills in 1906. In 1937, the building was used as a post office and described erroneously as the "Old Allenville Mill". The building has had some alterations to the front door and possibly the addition of a side door, but the interior of the structure was not detailed in the National Register of Historic Places nomination. The Allenville Mill Storehouse was added to National Register of Historic Places in 1972.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Allenville Mill Storehouse is a 30 ft two story square stone rubble-construction storehouse erected by Phillip Allen. The exact date of construction is unknown, but it was built with rubble-construction as was typical of mill construction during and after the War of 1812. In 1813, Allen purchased 4.5 acres from Esek Smith to construct a mill on the empty land. The exact date the mill and the storehouse was built is unknown, but Allens brother, Zachariah, noted in his diary a payment from "P. Allen for building his factory" on March 5, 1821. The first record of the building is from an 1836 insurance policy obtained by Philip Allen for the cotton factory and a "Store and cloth room". Further evidence it was used as the storehouse comes from a lithographic map from 1858 and in the towns deeds. Allen sold the property in 1857 and it changed owners again in 1860, and was renamed to the Smithfield Manufacturing Company. In 1937, the building was used as a post office and described erroneously as the "Old Allenville Mill". The discovery that it was a storehouse and not the mill was made only during the National Register of Historic Places survey.</p><br>
<p>In 1971, the National Register of Historic Places nomination noted that the "original fenestration is largely evident, although the eastern first story window of the front facade has been somewhat enlarged. This and other alterations may have occurred during the last decades of the nineteenth century or the early years of the twentieth when the building became the United States Post Office." One of these alterations appears to be the side entrance on the southwestern side of the building, Candee hypothesizes that it may have replaced an original window. Another modification appears to have been made to the main entrance which has a flat pedimented front door that is framed with columns protruding on plinths. The main door is also surrounded with "wooden rustification", but it is noted that this alteration to the main entrance "provides an important visual point to the simple building." In 1971, the National Register of Historic Places nomination did not detail the interior, but an included photo noted the windows were boarded up and it was listed as being for rent. A photo from 2013 shows that the structure has since been renovated and remains well-maintained.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The Allenville Mill Storehouse was long considered to be the Allenville Mill, including in the 1937 Federal Writer&#39;s Project book, but records indicate this was the storehouse of the mill constructed in 1813. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.</p><br>
<p>The Daniel Angell House is an historic house at 15 Dean Avenue in Johnston, Rhode Island, United States. The oldest portion of this 1-1/2 story wood frame structure was built c. 1725, although it was long attributed to Daniel Angell . The house has an irregular front facade, seven bays wide, with two doors occupying the third and fifth bays. The western part, likely the oldest portion of the house, has a large chimney centered on five bays. The relatively unusual construction practices used in the house&#39;s construction, as well its remarkable state of preservation, make it a valuable resource in the study of Rhode Island colonial architecture.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<p>The Arkwright Bridge is an abandoned historic bridge formerly carrying Hill Street over the Pawtuxet River in the Arkwright mill village in central Rhode Island. The river forms the border between Cranston and Coventry.</p><br>
<p>The first bridge to span the Pawtuxet River at this location was an early nineteenth century wooden bridge, located in the city of Cranston. In 1887, a special resolution was passed changing the Coventry-Cranston border to the Pawtuxet River. A new iron bridge was commissioned in 1888 by a joint building committee from both Coventry and Cranston and the responsibility for maintenance of the new bridge was to be shared by both municipalities.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was built in 1888 by Dean & Westbrook for the Town of Coventry and the Interlaken Mills(later known as the Arkwright Mills). It is the longest surviving 19th century truss bridge in Rhode Island, and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<p>The bridge is 128 feet, 6 inches long; 19 feet, 7 inches wide; and has and a depth of truss of 21 feet. The bridge is a single-span, through Pratt truss, built using Phoenix columns.</p><br>
<p>In 2004, there was a proposal to move the Arkwright Bridge to another location along the Pawtuxet River along the border of West Warwick, Rhode Island to be part of a proposed West Warwick Riverwalk. The bridge was ultimately not moved.</p><br>
<p>The Rhode Island Department of Transportation (RIDOT) recommended closure of the locally-owned bridge. Following an inspection, RIDOT determined that the weight limit should be reduced to less than 3 tons from the previous 5 tons. Both communities closed the 123-year-old span on Friday, September 30, 2011.</p><br>
<p>The bridge has been abandoned for many years and continues to be a popular jumping and swimming spot for local youth. Approximately 12 feet of air and an average 15 feet of water.</p><br>
<p>Peabody School, also known as Peabody High School, is an historic school building located on Herman Avenue in Eastman, Georgia. Built in 1938, it was designed by Eastman-born American architect Edward Columbus Hosford, who is noted for the courthouses and other buildings that he designed in Florida, Georgia and Texas. The brick building&#39;s design includes elements of the Colonial Revival style. The segregated school educated the African-American high school students of Eastman and most other parts of Dodge County. In 1950, the school became an elementary school serving grades 1-8 after a new high school opened. It was closed in 1970 and its students were integrated into Dodge County High School and other formerly all-white public schools in Dodge County.</p><br>
<p>On November 20, 2004, the building was added to the National Register of Historic Places. It was vacant at the time. The school, which is owned by the United Concerned Citizens of Dodge County, received a $16,000 grant for its rehabilitation in the same year.</p><br>
<p>Mayfield is a small community in northeast Baltimore, Maryland. It is bounded by Erdman Avenue on the south, Chesterfield Avenue on the north, Crossland Avenue on the east and Lake Montebello on the north and west. Homeowners belong to the Mayfield Improvement Association.</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<p>According to the 2000 US Census, 955 people live in Mayfield with 77% White and 18.8% African-American. The median family income is $80,191. 94.9% of the houses are occupied and 85.1% of those are occupied by the home&#39;s owner.</p><br>
<h2>Schools</h2><br>
<p>Mayfield has two elementary schools: Montebello Elementary (Public grade school K-5) and St. Francis of Assisi School (Catholic grade school K-8). St. Matthew&#39;s Christian Pre-School is available for children 3 and 4 years old. Public high school students generally attend nearby Mervo or City highschools.</p><br>
<h2>Notable residents</h2><br>
<p>Karl Green: Michelin Star awarded Chef at the All American Steak House in Perry Hall&#39;s culinary district</p><br>
<p>Bennett Sipes: Has appeared as a gardener in Good Housekeeping Magazine 6 times now.</p><br>
<p>Lake Yoa is the most famous, and second largest of the Lakes of Ounianga, a series of Lakes in Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti Region basin of northeastern Chad. It is located in the Ounianga Kebir about 40 km west of Ounianga Sarir. These lakes are remnants of a much larger lake which occupied this basin during the African Humid period which lasted from approximately 15,000 to 5,500 years before present. There are currently 15 lakes in the basin with a total surface area of approximately 20 km square.</p><br>
<h2>Climate change</h2><br>
<p>Lake Yoa recently became of interest in the study of global climate trends when a team headed by Stefan Kröpelin, of the University of Cologne, recovered a core of sediment from the bottom of the lake. Because Lake Yoa has been in existence continuously since the Humid Period its waters have protected the sediments accumulated at the bottom from erosion and dispersal. After analysis of the pollen preserved in the core, Kröpelin and his colleagues concluded that the shift from forest to desert in the area of Lake Yoa occurred gradually, with intervening periods of scrubland and grassland before the onset of full desert conditions. This conclusion contrasts with work done by Peter deMenocal of Columbia University and colleagues, who in 2000 drilled a core of ocean sediment off the western coast of Mauritania. Because of the dust levels in this core deMenocal and his co-authors concluded that desert conditions came on quickly, over a period of a few centuries.</p><br>
<p>The discrepancies between these two accounts are not surprising given the differences in the data examined. The ocean core represents what is essentially a mass survey of the entire northern portion of the African land mass while the Lake Yoa data would survey more specifically conditions in the areas to the south and west of it, which supplied material to the prevailing trade winds of Holocene time before they crossed Lake Yoa. It is possible both that, northern Africa became quickly and generally drier, and that, in specific areas the process of desertification moved through a series of more gradual ecological transitions. (Ranson, 2008). The second report also did not take into account the geographic distance Lake Yoa is from the Atlantic Ocean. A distance of over 2000 Kilometers.</p><br>
<p>The Bicknell–Armington Lightning Splitter House is a historic house at 3591 Pawtucket Avenue in East Providence, Rhode Island. The house is of a distinctive type, a "Lightning Splitter", of which only a few instances exist in the Providence area. It is a wood-frame structure with a steep two-story gable roof. Records suggest that the house was constructed about 1827, but architectural evidence suggests it was extensively altered in the 1850s. The main entrance and the interior has a simplified Greek Revival styling. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on November 28, 1980.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>The date of construction for the house has been billed to both c. 1827 or c. 1850. The City of East Providence Historic District Commission states that the house was built by Pearce Allin as a wedding present for his daughter, Louise. The house is located opposite of Allins own historic home, better known as Whitcomb Farm. In 1827, Louise married Joseph Bicknell and they would eventually move to Barrington, Rhode Island. They would later pass the property to Dr. Hervey Armington, who married Louisas sister, Adelia. Thus the province of the name is derived from the two first two owners of the home. According to architectural evidence, the house was heavily modified in the 1850s. The houses "Lightning Splitter" design harkens to the superstitious belief that the sharp angled gable would deflect bolts of lightning. The construction or alteration to the steep gable are both possibilities because Providences surviving examples included new constructions and adaptations dating to the mid-19th century. At the time of the National Register nomination, it was believed that half a dozen examples of the style were still extant in the area in and around Providence.</p><br>
<p>The house is located on the southwest corner of Pawtucket Avenue and Willett Avenue (Rhode Island Route 103). The houses is a wood-framed dwelling resting on a high stone foundation. The houses most prominent and notable feature is its steep two-story gable roof, which is the unique "Lightning Splitter" design. The house has a one-story ell that comes off the basement on the south side and extends beyond the west wall. At the time of its nomination in the 1980s, the house&#39;s exterior walls were covered with asbestos shingles, but the original clapboards remained underneath. A simple pilaster-trimmed Greek Revival main doorway is located on northern end of the three-bay front. The second floor of the house has two bays and the third floor has only a single bay. The interior floor plan is divided into three rooms and a small entry hall on the first floor, two rooms on the second floor and two rooms on the third floor. The interior trim was noted to be a highly simplified Greek Revival style.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The Bicknell–Armington Lightning Splitter House is historically important as a rare example of the unusual design that was rooted in popular folk culture. Additional information on the house, including its ties to Allin were not listed in the National Register of Historic Places nomination serve to further enhance its importance. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on November 28, 1980.</p><br>
<p>Baltimore City Hall is the official seat of government of the City of Baltimore, in the State of Maryland. The City Hall houses the offices of the Mayor and those of the City Council of Baltimore. The building also hosts the city Comptroller, some various city departments, agencies and boards/commissions along with the historic chambers of the Baltimore City Council. Situated on a city block bounded by East Lexington Street on the north, Guilford Avenue  on the west, East Fayette Street on the south and North Holliday Street with City Hall Plaza and the War Memorial Plaza to the east, the six-story structure was designed by the then 22-year-old new architect, George Aloysius Frederick  in the Second Empire style, a Baroque revival, with prominent Mansard roofs with richly-framed dormers, and two floors of a repeating Serlian window motif over an urbanely rusticated basement.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The buildings cornerstone was laid on the southeastern corner of the new municipal structure (on the northwestern corner of Fayette and Holliday Streets) in October, 1867 (with a famous historical photograph taken of the ceremony, audience stands and crowds from overhead on East Fayette Street with the east side of Holliday Street visible behind the stands showing the famed Holliday Street Theatre, where in November 12, 1814, the new poem by Francis Scott Key, (1779–1843), "The Defence of Fort McHenry" was first performed on the stage and next door (to the north), Prof. Knapps School, and the edge of the old "Assembly-Rooms" social/concert/dance hall for the elite that later was home to the Central High School of Baltimore (later the Baltimore City College, 1843–1873), when the Theatre and School perished in a large famous fire. The massive new "pile" of a City Hall, acclaimed by many throughout the nation, was officially dedicated on October 25, 1875, $200,000 under-budget from its $2,500,000 appropriation, amazingly and proudly in those "Robber Baron" Gilded Age times of the 19th Century.</p><br>
<p>The site for the "new" building was selected and some designs were submitted before the American Civil War. The cornerstone for the building, under Frederick&#39;s new design, was not laid until 1867; construction was completed eight years later. At a cost of more than $2 million (in 1870s money), the Baltimore City Hall is built largely of many courses and rows of thicknesses of brick with the exterior walls faced with white marble. The marble alone, quarried in Baltimore and Baltimore County (famous "Beaver Dam" quarry), cost $957,000. The segmented dome capping the building is the work of Baltimore engineer Wendel Bollman, known for his iron railroad bridges. At the time of its construction, the cast iron roof was considered one of the largest structures of its kind.</p><br>
<h3>Renovations</h3><br>
<p>By the end of World War II, City Hall was showing signs of age and deterioration. The slate roof leaked, the exterior marble was eroding in places and the heating, cooling and electrical systems needed to be replaced. Even the cast iron domes fastenings had rusted through and many plates were cracked. In 1959, 15 pounds of iron ornament came loose and plunged 150 feet into the Board of Estimates hearing room. In 1974 the city voted to renovate the old city hall rather than build a new one. Architectural Heritage Inc., in association with Meyers, DAleo and Patton Inc., local architects, were retained to begin the design. The ceremonial chambers were restored and the office space was doubled. In the process the dome was disassembled and put back together. Two years and $10.5 million dollars later the Mayor, the City Council and other city departments moved back into the building. Usable space was increased almost twofold after the renovation, by fitting in two extra floors, by replacing dead storage space in the basement with offices, and by moving corridor walls to maximize office space.</p><br>
<p>In 2009, a building survey found that sections of the building&#39;s marble exterior were cracked and crumbling due to age. The city approved spending $483,000 for repairs to be made the same year.</p><br>
<h2>Incidents</h2><br>
<p>On October 11, 1883, James F. Busey, a Democratic ward operative, was shot and killed outside of City Hall. The man who shot him, William T. Harig, was also a Democrat from another ward. The two got into a political argument and after some punches were thrown, both men drew their pistols and began firing at each other in rapid succession. Busey fired wildly; Harig did not, hitting Busey four times. Harig was taken into custody and charged with murder.</p><br>
<p>Nearly 93 years later, Charles A. Hopkins stormed the temporary City Hall with a hand gun and killed a city councilman. On April 13, 1976, Hopkins, angered that his restaurant was being shut down, killed Dominic Leone, a member of the Baltimore City Council. Hopkins also wounded another city councilman, a police officer and a mayoral aide during the shooting spree. Hopkins was found not guilty by reason of insanity in the shootings but has spent most of his life since then at mental health facilities. In 2007, a Baltimore judge reduced his level of confinement.</p><br>
<p>The Blanche K. Bruce House is a historic house at 909 M Street NW in Washington, D.C. Built in 1865, it was a home of slave-born Blanche K. Bruce , who was the first African-American to serve a full term in the USA Senate.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Blanche K. Bruce House is located in the southernmost part of Washingtons Dupont Circle neighborhood, on the north side of M Street between 9th and 10th Streets. It is one half of a duplex, a 3-1/2 story structure, with walls of brick and a brick foundation, and a slate mansard roof providing a full fourth floor. The two building units have virtually identical exteriors, with a three-bay ground floor with the entrance in the left bay, and two bays in each of the upper floors. Ground floor windows are set in rounded-arch openings, as are third-floor windows, which rise into the elongated mansard roofs steep section. The short fourth floor is capped by a dentillated edge at the transition between the roof sections.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1865 and is fairly typical of the Second Empire architecture then popular; its designer is unknown. It was the home of Blanche Bruce, who represented Mississippi as a United States Senator from 1875 to 1881. Bruce was the first African-American to serve a full term in the Senate; during his tenure he also briefly served as the Presiding Officer of the United States Senate in 1879, the only former slave to do so. During his term, Bruce advocated for the integration of the United States Army, and for policies supporting the needs of poor (and recently freed) African Americans. Bruce remained in Washington after his term ended in 1881, serving as the districts recorder of deeds, and as a treustee of Howard University.</p><br>
<p>The McMaster School, built in 1911, is an historic building located at 1106 Pickens Street on the corner of Senate Street in Columbia, South Carolina. It was designed by noted Columbia architect William Augustus Edwards of the firm of Edwards and Walter. It was named for Col. F. W. McMaster , the first chairman of the local school board and was used as a grammar school until 1956.</p><br>
<p>In 1960 it was purchased by the University of South Carolina and renamed McMaster College. It was first used by the Music and Art departments, with the music department staying until 1994. It has been used since then by USC&#39;s Art and Media Arts departments except for a brief period when it was the ROTC building.</p><br>
<p>On July 25, 1997, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The St. Philips Church Ruins are the remains of a colonial Anglican church building in Brunswick Town, North Carolina, United States. The church is located beside the Cape Fear River in the Brunswick Town Historic District, along with Fort Anderson, Russelborough and the nearby Orton Plantation. Construction of St. Philips Church lasted 14 years, but took only one day to be destroyed when the British Army burned Brunswick Town. Before its demise, the building was considered one of the finest religious structures in the Province of North Carolina. On February 26, 1970, the St. Philip&#39;s Church Ruins was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1741, the St. Philips Parish was created in Brunswick Town with James Moir as the first vicar. It was the sister church of St. James Episcopal Church. Construction of St. Philips Church began in 1754, but was not completed until 1768. The first minister to lead the new church was John Barnett and colonial governor Arthur Dobbs designated St. Philips as "His Majesty’s Chapel in North Carolina." Barnett was succeeded by J. Cramp and Nicholas Christian. During the American Revolutionary War, the British Army attacked Brunswick Town and burned St. Philips Church, Russelborough, and most of the homes and businesses. The church walls were the only parts of the structure not to be destroyed. Brunswick Town was deserted and the church remains were relatively untouched for almost a century.</p><br>
<p>In March 1862, Confederate Army engineers began to survey the remains of Brunswick Town and St. Philips Church. The Confederates built earthworks and trenches in the town, covering the remains of several burnt structures except for the church. The fort was constructed to protect the city of Wilmington 18 miles (29 km) upstream, a vital port during the Civil War. The bastion was named Fort St. Philip, but renamed Fort Anderson in July 1863. During the attack on Fort Anderson in February 1865, cannonballs shot from Union ships in the Cape Fear River hit the walls of St. Philips Church and are still evident today. When the Confederate forces were defeated, Union soldiers desecrated several graves at St. Philips Church and removed the buildings cornerstone. Confederate bodies were placed inside the church.</p><br>
<p>In 1899, the newly formed Cape Fear Chapter of the North Carolina Society of The Colonial Dames of America visited the St. Philips Church Ruins to pay homage to Revolutionary War casualties in Brunswick Town. In 1902, the chapter erected a marble plaque inside St. Philips to commemorate Brunswick Town co-founder, Maurice Moore. Excavations at Brunswick Town began in 1958 and items such as bullets, buttons, and a cannonball were retrieved from inside the St. Philip&#39;s Church ruins. The church is now part of the Brunswick Town State historic site. Visitors may walk through the church and tour the earthworks of nearby Fort Anderson.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The St. Philips Church Ruins consists of four brick walls, as well as graves located inside and outside of the church. The bricks used for construction were imported from England and the walls measure three feet (0.91 m) thick. The building is 76 feet six inches (23.3 m) long, 53 feet three inches (16.2 m) wide, and 24 feet four inches (7.4 m) high. The floor and roof were destroyed in the fire, as well as the three doors and eleven windows that measured fifteen by seven feet (4.6 m x 2.1 m). The church floor was made of wood, except for the aisles which featured one foot (0.3 m) square brick tiles that formed the shape of a cross. The pews were wooden and the Governors pew was raised above the others. Twelve burial sites are located inside the church and there are several graves remaining outside of the structure that were not desecrated by Union troops.</p><br>
<p>The Burlingame–Noon House is an historic house built around 1800 at 3261 Mendon Rd in Cumberland, Rhode Island.</p><br>
<p>The structure was originally a simple, one-and-one-half-story, five-room-plan, centre-chimney Federal style cottage, constructed in the first decades of the 19th century. In the middle of the century, it was enlarged into a two-and-one half-story, flank-gable Greek Revival house. It has panelled corner pilasters and a trabeated central entrance with sidelights and pilasters in a five-bay facade. The house has had few changes since the mid-nineteenth century and is notable for its architecture, including original Federal-period interior trim, which reflects transformations and adaptation in Cumberland&#39;s early history.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<p>Clayville Historic District is an 81 acre historic district in Foster and Scituate, Rhode Island. The district encompasses the heart of the village of Clayville, a small 19th-century mill village. It is centered on the junction of Plainfield Pike, Field Hill Road, and Victory Highway near the Clayville Mill pond, and is roughly bisected by the town line between Foster and Scituate. The mill pond is impounded by a c. 1847 dam, which powered mills whose ruins and waterways lie downstream. The village is mainly residential, with vernacular 19th-century construction predominating. Notable buildings include the Clayville Christian Union Church, built 1867-71 with Greek Revival styling, and the c. 1845 Clayville Schoolhouse.</p><br>
<p>The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<p>The Amos Cook House is an historic house at 1455 Chopmist Hill Road in Scituate, Rhode Island. Built in 1812, it is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, five bays wide, with a large central chimney. The center entry is framed by a Greek Revival surround that was a later alteration, and there is a shed-roof porch extending along the southern  facade. The house has retained much of its interior woodwork. The house was built by Augustus and Carver Hopkins, members of Rhode Island&#39;s prominent Hopkins family. It was purchased, along with a number of farm outbuildings, by Amos Cook in 1865, and was converted into a summer residence in the early 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historical Places in 1979.</p><br>
<p>See also Daggett House, Slater Park, Pawtucket RI, built about the same time, by Nathaniel&#39;s father John.</p><br>
<p>Nathaniel Daggett House (also known as "The House that Never Moved") is an historic building located at 74 Roger Williams Avenue in East Providence, Rhode Island.</p><br>
<p>The oldest portion of this saltbox likely dates to before 1700; it is one of the oldest structures in East Providence. The house has been—without moving—in three municipal, two state, and two colonial jurisdictions.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Nathaniel Daggett House is set close to the street on a large lot in a residential neighborhood that was first settled in the early seventeenth century but was largely built up in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.</p><br>
<p>The house was originally a two-story, gable-roofed, timber-framed, end-chimney dwelling, probably with only one room on each floor. A small entry and stair hall with front door opening to the south was squeezed in front of the chimney. A single-story lean-to with its own chimney was later added across the rear north side of the house and the roofline was altered to its present saltbox profile.</p><br>
<p>About 1900, the house was acquired by the American Electrical Works at nearby Phillipsdale and was renovated to provide housing for workers. The facade was extended two bays by an addition to the west side of the house; the staircase was rebuilt and the front entrance shifted to the east wall of the entry hall, facing the street; eighteenth-century nine-over-nine sash were replaced with newer windows; and gable windows and dormers were added to permit use of the garret as living space - More recent changes include the addition of a single-car garage connected by a short ell to the south of the house and the demolition of the lean-to fireplace and chimney.</p><br>
<p>In spite of these changes, the house retains a number of original features. Except for the rebuilt staircase and relocated front entrance, the original plan is intact and can be clearly read amid the accretions of later periods. Cased posts can be seen in older portions of the house and many two-panel doors remain. The original walk-in fireplace still exists, though a smaller modern fireplace has been constructed within, and slightly in front of it. For the most part the older sections of the house retain a sense of their original character; further restoration could make the structure’s antiquity even more evident.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The Nathaniel Daggett House, one of the oldest extant dwellings in East Providence, is a rare surviving example of early colonial domestic architecture. It is particularly noteworthy because the method utilized to enlarge the original end-chimney house—the addition of a rear lean-to with end fireplace in line with the original chimney—is more similar to northern Rhode Island building practice than to the mode customarily employed in Massachusetts, where houses were expanded by adding to the opposite side of the chimney, converting the structure into a center-chimney dwelling. This exhibits the close tie between Providence and western Rehoboth, a tie that developed and flourished even though the two communities were located in different colonies and, later, states.</p><br>
<p>The Daggett House has long been recognized as a historical site and is known to local residents as "the house that never moved," a designation referring to the fact that the house has stood in three towns and two states while remaining on its original site. It is thus a significant folk artifact reflecting a popular view of local history.</p><br>
<p>The rather sentimental, nostalgic association of the house with the region’s early history, particularly with the settlement planted by Roger Williams a short distance to the north, made the structure the focus of an early historical-preservation campaign. In the 1890s the Daggett House was threatened with demolition to permit realignment of Roger Williams Avenue to accommodate a streetcar line. The scheme caused such consternation that the Rhode Island Historical Society formed a committee of prominent area scholars and businessmen to work for preservation of the structure. The house was saved, but underwent extensive changes to adapt it for use as a workers’ tenement. Today, the Daggett house’s status as a historical and cultural artifact and architectural relic make it one of East Providence’s more important historical resources.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on November 28, 1980.</p><br>
<h2>Ownership</h2><br>
<p>In December 1632, Roger Williams, then in Salem, wrote a lengthy tract that openly condemned the King&#39;s charters and questioned the right of Plymouth (or Massachusetts) to the land without first buying it from the Indians. In October 1635, he was banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony for his teachings and recalcitrance. This at a time "when men were burned at the stake for the good of their souls."In the spring of 1636, Roger Williams obtained a grant from the Wampanoag sachem, Massasoit, the northeast shore of Seekonk Cove where he was joined by his family and followers. "To this day are to be seen on the Dagget Farm, on the north side of Seekonk Cove openings in the ground, which tradition says are the cellar holes" of the Williams settlement.</p><br>
<p>However, Plymouth authorities asserted that Williams was within their land grant and warned that they might still arrest him. With his crops already planted, he decided to cross the Seekonk River to present-day Providence, as that territory lay beyond any charter.</p><br>
<p>In 1687, 26-year-old Nathaniel Daggett, of Rehoboth (see the Daggett House, in present-day Pawtucket) married neighbor Rebecca Miller. At some point he bought a large parcel of land near the Seekonk and Ten Mile Rivers, and built the two-room house for his wife and 5 children who survived infancy. The home stayed in the family for about 200 years.</p><br>
<p>By the late 1800s, the area around the house had been developed into a major industrial area, with extensive factories, surrounded by worker and tenement housing. The Ten Mile River was dammed to create Omega Pond for industrial uses. The pond and Ten Mile River were, for a few years, a popular local recreational attraction. In the late 1890s, a proposed straightening of Roger Williams Avenue, and addition of a streetcar line, would have required demolition of the Nathaniel Daggett house. An outcry erupted, local academics and businessmen were mobilized, and the historic house was saved.</p><br>
<p>American Electrical Works, a major local employer, bought the Daggett house and much of the surrounding neighborhood for worker housing, modernizing and expanding the modest saltbox in 1900. In 1927, the company sold off its worker housing and adjoining land. Deeds included a (now un-enforceble) clause that the "premises shall never be used or occupied by nor conveyed to any person of the negro race".</p><br>
<p>For almost 90 years, the Nathaniel Daggett House has been in the hands of three owners, who have been acutely aware of their responsibilities as stewards; the only significant change has been the addition of a garage and breezeway.</p><br>
<p>The James Dennis House is an historic house located at 3120 Pawtucket Avenue in East Providence, Rhode Island. This two-story wood-frame house was built sometime in the 1870s, and is a fine local example of Queen Anne Victorian style. Its most prominent features are a square tower with pyramidal roof, and a decorated porch that wraps around three sides. Although Pawtucket Avenue once had a significant number of such houses lining it, most have been demolished or significantly altered.</p><br>
<p>The structure is located in a predominantly residential suburban neighborhood and stands on the crest of a ridge of high ground that drops off toward Narragansett Bay on the west. It is a two-and-one-half-story, end-gable-roofed frame dwelling with a three-and-one-half-story, pyramidal-roofed tower on the south side and a turned-post veranda around the north, west (front), and south sides of the building. Exterior walls are clapboarded, with some stick-style articulation on the tower, and an overhanging gable at the front of the house rests on a second-story bay window and brackets. An 1882 map of the area shows a rectangular structure without the veranda or tower on the property; these features, however, appear on an 1895 map. This would appear to indicate that the tower and porch are 1880s additions to an 1870s building, but the tower and veranda are so well integrated it seems more likely they are part of the original fabric of the house. The main entrance (now augmented by other doorways), located just west of the base of the tower, opens into a stair hall and corridor along the south side of the house. The house has been altered inside but retains many original features, such as marble mantels on the parlor and dining room fireplaces (the former relocated from a bedroom) and molded plaster cornices and ceiling medallions in the principal rooms.</p><br>
<p>DATE: ca. 1880</p><br>
<p>SIGNIFICANCE:</p><br>
<p>The James Dennis House is historically and architecturally significant as East Providences chief surviving example of a Victorian country villa. It is the primary relic of an important phase in local history that reflected a nationwide trend. In the mid-nineteenth century, a romantic view of rural life and improvements in transportation--most notably the development of rail transport--led to a suburban movement in America that was precursor of the suburban boom on the twentieth century. The construction of suburban homes in the last century, however, was at first limited to those wealthy enough to afford the expense of commuting by steam-powered train. In the Providence area, country houses were erected by the well-to-do in towns such as Warwick and East Providence, agricultural communities with plenty of open land not far from the city. These towns were especially popular because they contained much desirable waterfront property, and one of the prime areas in the metropolitan region was a section of East Providence where the Providence-Warren road ran along a high ridge. This ridge rose above the Provicence, Warren and Bristol Railroad and offered a fine view of Narragansett Bay. This section--present-day Pawtucket Avenue from Veterans Memorial Parkway to Silver Spring--was first the site of a resort hotel, the Vue de LEau (built 1840s, destroyed by fire 1870s), and was later built up with several notable country villas. Among these was the James Dennis House. The other imposing Victorian houses that were erected along this stretch of Pawtucket Avenue have since been destroyed or drastically remodeled. The Dennis House is the one dwelling in East Providence that best exemplifies the suburban migration of the upper classes in nineteenth-century America.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on November 28, 1980.</p><br>
<p>The Edgewood Historic District–Taft Estate Plat is a historic district in Cranston, Rhode Island that is bounded by Windsor Road, Narragansett Bay, Circuit Drive and Broad Street. The district represents the final subdivision of a country estate amassed by industrialist Orray Taft . It was laid out in 1904 and most of its residential stock was built between 1905 and 1930. The average size of the lots was 5400 square feet, although there was some variance in size, and a one-acre plot was reserved for the Taft mansion . The houses are architecturally heterogeneous, reflecting all of the major styles of the period; some properties were designed by Norman Isham.</p><br>
<p>The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 24, 2003, The district abuts the Pawtuxet Village Historic District to the south, whose northernmost properties on Ocean Avenue were also laid out on the former Taft estate.</p><br>
<p>The Thomas Fenner House or the "Sam Joy Place" is an historic stone-ender house on 43 Stony Acre Drive in Cranston, Rhode Island. It is one of the oldest surviving houses in Rhode Island. The house was built as a farmhouse around 1677 after King Philip&#39;s War by Captain Arthur Fenner for his son Major Thomas Fenner. The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1990. It is privately owned and is not open to the public.</p><br>
<p>Captain Arthur Fenners first home was burnt to the ground in King Philips War where he was appointed Captain of the militia and was "one who staid and went not away" in the defense of Providence. Arthurs original homestead was built in 1662. After the war, he rebuilt his home in 1677 and he also built, for his son, the Major Thomas Fenner house. The "Fenner Castle" stood until 1895 when the chimney was demolished Arthurs grandson was Governor Arthur Fenner who donated a piece of wood from Captain Arthur&#39;s "Fenner Castle" for what is now the RI Mace. He did so to honor his grandfather, Captain Arthur Fenner who so bravely defended Providence from the Indians.</p><br>
<p>El Cortez is a landmark hotel in San Diego, California. Built from 1926 to 1927, the El Cortez was the tallest building in San Diego when it opened. It sits atop a hill at the north end of Downtown San Diego, where it dominated the city skyline for many years.</p><br>
<p>From its opening in 1927 through the 1950s, it was the most glamorous apartment-hotel in San Diego. The large "El Cortez" sign, which is illuminated at night, was added in 1937 and could be seen for miles. In the 1950s, the world&#39;s first outside glass elevator was built at the El Cortez. During the late 1960s and 1970s, the El Cortez fell on harder times. The El Cortez closed as a hotel in 1978 when it was purchased by evangelist Morris Cerullo to serve as an evangelism school. Cerullo sold the property in 1981, and the El Cortez was threatened with demolition until the San Diego Historic Site Board designated it as a historic site in 1990. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<p>Many of the original elements remain in place, though substantial interior modifications have been made. The building is the 31st tallest building in San Diego, based on its height of 310 ft (94 m).</p><br>
<h2>Early history (1927-1949)</h2><br>
<h3>Construction and architecture</h3><br>
<p>Construction of the El Cortez began in 1926 and was completed the next year at a cost of $2,500,000. The 14-story hotel was built by Richard T. Robinson, Jr., and designed by architects Albert R. Walker and Percy Eisen in a Spanish Churrigueresque style. The building is named for the Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés.</p><br>
<p>El Cortez Hotel opened on Thanksgiving Day on November 26, 1927. A crowd of 50,000 people were present at the opening&mdash;a third of the San Diego population. When the building was first opened, it had 117 rooms, 85 of these used for apartments, and 32 for hotel rooms. At the time of the opening, the Los Angeles Times reported: "The building is Spanish Renaissance in design. In keeping with the architecture, approach to the building is made through a Spanish garden of flowers, cool green lawns and fountains. Just above the entrance is an open-air garden retreat."</p><br>
<p>More than sixty years later, the Times noted that the El Cortez’s "graceful proportions and unique layout, with angular side wings embracing the main entrance, make it especially inviting."</p><br>
<p>The hotels main ballroom, the Don Room, was known as one of the most beautiful rooms in the city with an ornately carved sandalwood ceiling supported by large pillars, and an inlaid maple floor. The 200-seat Aztec Dining Room also reflected the hotels opulence. Critics dubbed it "the outstanding eating rendezvous of the community... because of its vast windows, brilliant ceiling and handsome equipment." The art deco style Sky Room, added in 1940, became renowned for its glass walls and 360-degree view of the city. At a height of 310 feet (94 m), penthouse guests could see up to 30 miles (48 km) away.</p><br>
<p>The top of the building includes a red neon sign with the words "El Cortez", which was first added in 1937. Each letter is 12 feet (3.6 m) high.</p><br>
<p>For 36 years, the El Cortez was San Diego&#39;s tallest building, and its exterior glass elevator, Travolator, and Starlight restaurant made it a San Diego landmark.</p><br>
<h3>World War II</h3><br>
<p>On December 8, 1941, the day after the attack on Pearl Harbor, an anti-aircraft battery and radar station were installed on the El Cortez roof. The anti-aircraft battery remained atop El Cortez for the duration of the war. One of the soldiers who manned the battery later recalled: "Since I was the search light battery commander, I would observe the action of the search lights at night. So some times I had to go on the roof of the El Cortez and there was no way of getting up there except through this bar that was on top. It was a beautiful bar. the people sitting at the table, I had to excuse me and there I am in my uniform stepping on their table and getting out the window, walking up the fire escape to the top of the El Cortez to look at the mission."</p><br>
<h2>Handlery years (1950-1978)</h2><br>
<h3>Harry Handlery</h3><br>
<p>In 1951, hotelier Harry Handlery purchased the El Cortez from the El Cortez Company for $1.5 million. Handlery reportedly fell in love with the hotel and made it his permanent residence. Handlery made numerous changes both to the interior and exterior in his effort to make it "the finest hotel on the Pacific Coast," promising that "the hammers will never be still as long as I own the Cortez." To attract visitors, Handlery added a swimming pool in 1952, the Caribbean wing (an eight-story addition with a grand ballroom) in 1954, the Starlight Room (located on the twelfth floor and known for its views and chic experience) in 1956, an exterior glass elevator, and a motel and moving sidewalk known as the Travolator in 1959.</p><br>
<h3>Glass elevator and Travolator</h3><br>
<p>Handlerys most remembered changes were the addition of the worlds first outside hydraulic glass elevator and the first moving sidewalk in the 1950s. The outdoor glass elevator, reportedly a bellboys idea, was "the worlds first in 1956." Grosvenor announced plans to remove some of the non-original elements, including the glass elevator and rooftop sign and neon stars, leading to a split among preservationists. Grosvenor was concerned about structural problems with the elevator and the unavailability of spare parts. Some preservationists approved of Grosvenors plan, opining that Handerlys additions were "fifties kitsch" that detracted from the original Spanish architecture. Others regarded the elevator as a key element in the hotels historic significance. One member of the local historic site board noted, "It was the elevator that made a night at the El Cortez so thrilling. Any restoration that doesnt include the elevator is incomplete." The federal government ultimately endorsed proposals to remove the 1950s alterations and restore the original appearance.</p><br>
<p>Handerly also built the Travolator bridge in 1959 to connect the El Cortez with his new motel across the street. Designed by architect Clarence J. Paderewski for the Otis Elevator Company, the Travolator was essentially a flat escalator. The same design was later used at airports in London, Atlanta and Los Angeles. Some objected to the Travolators garish orange exterior, but in its early years, San Diegos elite used the moving walkway to attend events at the El Cortez. The Travolator ceased operating in 1981 and San Diego&#39;s homeless started sleeping on the bridge. In 1986, the owners sold the motel for $4.5 million, and there was no longer a need for a connecting bridge between the two properties. Accordingly, the Travolator bridge was demolished in June 1986.</p><br>
<h3>Paul Handlery</h3><br>
<p>In 1965, Harry Handlery died of a heart attack. His younger son, Paul Handlery, took over management of the hotel. Some contend that the transition from father to son signaled the decline of the El Cortez as a center of the downtown social world. Harry Handlery had frequently made rounds throughout the hotel checking on every detail of service and quality. Some employees complained that Paul Handlery did not spend enough money for renovations and repairs on the hotel.</p><br>
<h3>Pueblo incident</h3><br>
<p>During the 1968 Pueblo incident, family members of the Pueblo crew were put up at El Cortez.</p><br>
<h2>Cerullo's evangelism center (1978-1981)</h2><br>
<p>In 1978, Paul Handlery sold the El Cortez to evangelist and faith healer Morris Cerullo for $7.5 million. Facing the prospect of layoffs if the acquisition went through, a veteran front desk clerk who watched Cerullos television special offered these comments: "The second time he (Cerullo) said the Lord spoke to him and told him to buy that beautiful old hotel,&#39; the lord spoke to me too. And the Lord told me to turn that guy off. So I switched the channel."</p><br>
<p>Upon taking over the hotel, Cerullo reportedly spent $4 million to convert the hotel into his evangelism center. The work included gutting the major meeting rooms, including the International Room, Cotillion Room, Starlight Room, Caribbean Room and kitchen. The living quarters were converted into dormitory-style accommodations, and the hotels luxury furnishings were sold. He was also criticized for installing individual air conditioning units that altered the hotels exterior and ripping out the ornate interiors to accommodate cafeterias rather than fine dining.</p><br>
<p>In the end, Cerullo needed only half of the hotel&#39;s 550 rooms to house students of his three-month $1,400 evangelism school. The balance of the rooms were kept open for public use. Cerullo also made an attempt at reopening the Don Room, without liquor, but it was closed after a short time.</p><br>
<p>In early 1981, after a little more than two years after acquiring the El Cortez, Cerullo put the hotel back on the market for $20.8 million. The building was resold again several times to various owners in the 1980s and 1990s.</p><br>
<h2>Later years</h2><br>
<h3>Considine years and convention center proposal</h3><br>
<p>El Cortez Associates, led by Denver developer Terry Considine, bought the property and proposed the site in 1983 as a location for the planned San Diego Convention Center. However, the city ultimately chose to build the convention center on the bayfront. At the time, the hotels furnishings had been stripped and auctioned by Cerullo, and the El Cortezs 250 guest rooms were empty. Considine subsequently sold the landmark to the Grosvenor family. In 1984 and 1985 a community theater, Tom Rusch Productions, operated out of the Don Room. Productions included Godspell and Pirates of Penzance.</p><br>
<h3>Preservation efforts</h3><br>
<p>After a decade of decline, the Los Angeles Times reported in 1989 as follows:"Once the crown jewel of downtown San Diego, the 61-year-old El Cortez Hotel has been mostly empty and off-limits to the public for nearly a decade. The neon stars on the western face no longer shine.... Its hand-carved wooden doors, well-worn bar stools and polished brass fixtures have been auctioned off. Starting with its purchase in 1978 by Morris Cerullo, the El Cortez began a slippery slide to its current sad state."</p><br>
<p>In 1989, Grosvenor sold the hotel to Minami Corp. of Japan. Grosvenor remained involved as the developer and announced plans to renovate the El Cortez as the centerpiece of a $250-million project that would include four new mixed-use towers, 362 residential units and 400 hotels rooms. However, in 1990, Minami lost interest in the ambitious project and announced that it was instead considering demolishing the hotel. Preservationists stepped in and succeeded in having the El Cortez declared a San Diego historic site in 1990. In the late 1990s, the new owners embraced the building&#39;s historic designation and successfully had it listed on the National Register of Historic Places in order to qualify for renovation tax credits.</p><br>
<h3>Redevelopment into condominiums</h3><br>
<p>By the late 1990s, the El Cortez had become an eyesore. In 1999, developers Peter Janopaul and Anthony Block obtained a loan from San Diego&#39;s redevelopment agency to renovate the building, including restoration of some historic elements.</p><br>
<p>By 2007, maintenance problems, including bursting pipes and backed-up plumbing, and declining values resulted in contentious litigation between the condominium homeowners and the developers. Several units were repossessed by lenders and were listed at prices less than half their original purchase prices. The homeowners sought $13 million in damages for construction defects, underfunding of the homeowners association reserves, and the developers’ plans to build another tower next door.</p><br>
<h3>Intellectual property</h3><br>
<p>In order to protect the name and image of the El Cortez, the El Cortez Owners Association obtained the federal trademark rights to the El Cortez name and image from the United States Patent and Trademark Office under registration number 3422531. They also obtained the same state protection from the Secretary of State of California under registration number 64167.</p><br>
<h2>Impact</h2><br>
<p>Various guests who have visited the hotel include USA Presidents Dwight D. Eisenhower, Lyndon B. Johnson, and Gerald Ford, and singers Bing Crosby, Elvis Presley, and Roy Rogers.</p><br>
<p>On July 25, 1990, the City of San Diego&#39;s Historic Site Board declared the building to be "historic", which prevented it from being demolished.</p><br>
<p>Horton Grand Hotel is a restoration of two historic hotels, the Grand Horton and the Brooklyn Kahle Saddlery, in downtown San Diego, California. The Horton-Grand was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Built in 1887 by Comstock & Trotsche, the Grand Horton was a luxury hotel with a design based on the Innsbruck Inn in Vienna, Austria. The Grand Horton was part of a building boom following the opening of the city&#39;s first transcontinental railroad connection in 1885. It is in the Italianate Victorian architecture style.</p><br>
<p>The Brooklyn-Kahle Saddlery Hotel was a less formal hotel that combined Western/Cowboy and Victorian styles. Built around the same time as the Grand Horton, it was originally known as the Brooklyn Hotel, but was later renamed the Kahle Saddlery due to the presence of a prominent saddle and harness shop on the building&#39;s first floor starting in 1912.</p><br>
<h2>Dismantled</h2><br>
<p>Both hotels were scheduled for demolition in the 1970s when the City of San Diego purchased them to build the Horton Plaza shopping center on the site. The hotels were dismantled brick by brick, with each brick numbered, catalogued, and stored. In 1986 the hotels were rebuilt into an entirely new hotel at the present location at Fourth Street and Island Avenue.</p><br>
<p>The Hanora Mills  are a historic textile mill complex at the junction of Bernon and Main Streets in the center of Woonsocket, Rhode Island.</p><br>
<p>The oldest part of the mill complex was constructed in brick around 1827 by the Ballou family, and it was named Harrison Mills. The mill was a water powered facility with a specially dug trench. In the mid-nineteenth century, Henry Lippitt&#39;s company purchased the mill from the Ballous, and it became known as Lippitt Mills. There are various other buildings which were gradually constructed as the site expanded with the latest dating to the turn of the twentieth century. The mill was renamed Hanora Mills in the twentieth century after the Lippitts sold the site. The mills produced woolen textiles until 1975 when the facility was closed. Several of the buildings feature a Greek Revival style, and the whole site was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. The historic mill buildings were renovated into apartments for the elderly in the 1980s.</p><br>
